← Back to the drill

Where these questions come from

Every question is written against the published competency blueprint for tobacco-treatment-specialist certification, and checked by a program before it reaches the drill. This page shows exactly what that means, and what it does not.

343Questions
11Competencies
283Source-matched
343Independently reviewed

What the checking actually proves

A source-matched claim

Any question asserting a clinical fact — a dose, an interval, a percentage, a named protocol — carries a quotation from the source study guide, and a program checks that quotation exists character for character in the guide before the question can ship. A fabricated citation or a paraphrase is rejected outright rather than flagged. This is the check that stops a confident-sounding invented dose reaching you.

What it does not prove: that the question states the quoted thing correctly. A real quotation can still be attached to a question that misreads it.

An independent review

A second reader, who did not write the question, checks the substance: that the keyed answer is right, that no second option is also defensible, that every number matches the source it cites, and that nothing has been imported from general knowledge. Questions that cannot be fixed are removed rather than softened.

Questions still marked gate only have passed the automated check but have not yet been read by a second person.

Why you will not see the source text quoted here

The study guide this material is checked against is copyrighted, and reproducing it is not permitted. The quotations exist at build time, are used to verify each claim, and are then stripped before the page is published — which is why the drill shows you a pointer to the competency and topic rather than the passage itself.

The underlying literature is a different matter. Most of it is public and linked below, so you can check the medicine against the actual reports rather than trusting our summary of them.

The primary literature

Freely readable. Every link below was checked to resolve, and its title confirmed, when this page was built.

Smoking Cessation: A Report of the Surgeon General (2020)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The current federal review of what works in cessation, and the source behind most of what this drill asserts about treatment effectiveness and disparities in access.

Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update

U.S. Public Health Service clinical practice guideline

The clinical practice guideline the field still works from. When the drill says a treatment approach is evidence-backed, this is where that evidence was assembled.

The Health Consequences of Smoking — 50 Years of Progress (2014)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The 50th-anniversary Surgeon General report. The mortality and disease-attribution figures in the knowledge competency trace back here.

WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2021

World Health Organization

Global prevalence and policy monitoring, including the newer and emerging products the exam expects a specialist to know about.

PubMed

National Library of Medicine

For the journal articles in the bibliography below. Searching a citation here is the fastest way to read the study rather than our summary of it.

Provenance, question by question

Every question in the bank, what it claims, and how far it has been checked.

Competency 1 · Tobacco Dependence Knowledge and Education

14% of the exam · 43 questions · 31 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 43
IDTopicClaimReview
C01-001 Tobacco use disparities by population source-matched reviewed
C01-002 Tobacco use disparities by population source-matched reviewed
C01-003 Youth tobacco use prevalence (2022) source-matched reviewed
C01-004 Age of onset of tobacco use source-matched reviewed
C01-005 Tobacco use as a chronic process source-matched reviewed
C01-007 WHO global mortality burden — fraction of premature deaths source-matched reviewed
C01-008 WHO global mortality burden — annual deaths worldwide source-matched reviewed
C01-009 WHO global mortality burden — secondhand smoke deaths source-matched reviewed
C01-010 Nicotine neuropharmacology source-matched reviewed
C01-011 Nicotine as primary addictive chemical across product types source-matched reviewed
C01-012 Life expectancy benefit of quitting source-matched reviewed
C01-013 Morbidity benefit of quitting, beyond added years source-matched reviewed
C01-014 2014 Surgeon General Report 50th-anniversary update source-matched reviewed
C01-015 2014 Surgeon General Report — publication year source-matched reviewed
C01-016 Smoker mortality multiplier source-matched reviewed
C01-017 Smoking-attributable lung cancer deaths source-matched reviewed
C01-018 Smoking-attributable heart disease deaths source-matched reviewed
C01-019 Smoking-attributable COPD deaths source-matched reviewed
C01-020 Smokeless tobacco cardiovascular risk source-matched reviewed
C01-021 Smokeless tobacco carcinogen count source-matched reviewed
C01-022 What the treatment evidence rests on source-matched reviewed
C01-023 Identifying tobacco use status at every encounter source-matched reviewed
C01-024 Effective treatment delivery modalities source-matched reviewed
C01-025 Why counselling plus medication beats either alone source-matched reviewed
C01-026 Alternative modalities — evidence level source-matched reviewed
C01-027 2020 SGR — persistence of disparities source-matched reviewed
C01-028 Do population-level control programs work source-matched reviewed
C01-029 Barriers to offering tobacco treatment — time constraints source-matched reviewed
C01-030 Barriers to offering tobacco treatment — personal tobacco use source-matched reviewed
C01-031 The 5 A's framework source-matched reviewed
C01-032 Other abbreviated brief-intervention models source-matched reviewed
C01-033 Describing prevalence patterns across subgroups skill reviewed
C01-035 Role of treatment within a tobacco control program skill reviewed
C01-036 Using national reports and guidelines to inform practice skill reviewed
C01-037 What drives uptake beyond the individual skill reviewed
C01-038 Explaining mechanisms of tobacco-induced disorders skill reviewed
C01-039 Causes of tobacco dependence skill reviewed
C01-040 Deciding whether a client meets the criteria skill reviewed
C01-041 Chronic relapsing nature of dependence skill reviewed
C01-042 Culturally and age-appropriate patient education skill reviewed
C01-043 Comparing evidence-based strategies skill reviewed
C01-044 Discussing alternative therapies with a patient skill reviewed
C01-045 Accessing current information on tobacco topics skill reviewed

Competency 2 · Counseling Skills

17% of the exam · 51 questions · 42 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 51
IDTopicClaimReview
C02-001 Counseling modality effectiveness source-matched reviewed
C02-002 Behavioral counseling delivery sources source-matched reviewed
C02-003 Combined counseling and pharmacotherapy intensity source-matched reviewed
C02-004 Quitline referral cost-effectiveness source-matched reviewed
C02-005 Proactive quitline referral design source-matched reviewed
C02-006 Reactive counseling definition source-matched reviewed
C02-007 Proactive counseling definition source-matched reviewed
C02-008 Client-Centered Therapy: client as expert source-matched reviewed
C02-009 Client-Centered Therapy: partners in the treatment plan source-matched reviewed
C02-010 Client-Centered Therapy: flexibility to readiness stage source-matched reviewed
C02-011 Client-Centered Therapy: strongest evidence for ambivalent clients source-matched reviewed
C02-012 Motivational Interviewing: purpose and ambivalence source-matched reviewed
C02-013 Motivational Interviewing: equal partnership source-matched reviewed
C02-014 Advice conditioned on client permission source-matched reviewed
C02-015 Empathy in practice: reflecting rather than advising source-matched reviewed
C02-016 Motivational Interviewing: developing discrepancy source-matched reviewed
C02-017 Motivational Interviewing: rolling with resistance source-matched reviewed
C02-018 Motivational Interviewing: adjusting to resistance source-matched reviewed
C02-019 Motivational Interviewing: supporting self-efficacy source-matched reviewed
C02-020 Change Talk categories (DARN) source-matched reviewed
C02-021 Motivational Interviewing: ambivalence and movement toward change source-matched reviewed
C02-022 Motivational Interviewing: facilitators and barriers source-matched reviewed
C02-023 CBT: definition and delivery formats source-matched reviewed
C02-024 CBT: cognitive model of events source-matched reviewed
C02-025 CBT: thought processes and control over feelings source-matched reviewed
C02-026 CBT: thought-process categories source-matched reviewed
C02-027 CBT: mechanism of change source-matched reviewed
C02-028 CBT: desired results and goal-setting source-matched reviewed
C02-029 CBT: behavior change through new habits source-matched reviewed
C02-030 CBT applied to tobacco treatment source-matched reviewed
C02-031 CBT and special populations source-matched reviewed
C02-032 CBT effectiveness in combination with other therapy source-matched reviewed
C02-033 Tailored treatment flexibility source-matched reviewed
C02-034 Tailored treatment example source-matched reviewed
C02-035 Establishing a nonjudgmental environment skill reviewed
C02-036 Active listening and empathy as core skills skill reviewed
C02-037 Evidence-based brief intervention method skill reviewed
C02-038 Models of behavior change and motivation measures skill reviewed
C02-039 Building motivation without pushing skill reviewed
C02-040 Competence in at least one empirically supported modality skill reviewed
C02-041 Motivational Interviewing: reflective listening, second scenario source-matched reviewed
C02-042 Client-Centered Therapy: autonomy, second scenario source-matched reviewed
C02-046 Client-Centered Therapy: tobacco use as a chronic disease source-matched reviewed
C02-047 Combined counseling and pharmacotherapy: contact-time threshold applied source-matched reviewed
C02-048 Motivational Interviewing: avoiding confrontation, direction, and warning source-matched reviewed
C02-049 Motivational Interviewing: probing facilitators and barriers together source-matched reviewed
C02-050 Clinically sound motivation-building versus pressure tactics skill reviewed
C02-051 Change Talk (DARN): classifying a client statement source-matched reviewed
C02-052 Establishing a confidential environment: physical privacy skill reviewed
C02-053 CBT combined with an existing Motivational Interviewing practice source-matched reviewed
C02-054 Brief intervention under real time constraints skill reviewed

Competency 3 · Assessment Interview

11% of the exam · 36 questions · 31 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 36
IDTopicClaimReview
C03-001 Tobacco use history - current use window source-matched reviewed
C03-002 Pack-year arithmetic - two smoking periods source-matched reviewed
C03-003 Pack-year arithmetic - single smoking period source-matched reviewed
C03-004 Pack-year metric limited to smoking history source-matched reviewed
C03-005 Age of tobacco use initiation source-matched reviewed
C03-006 Tobacco use history - documenting past abstinence source-matched reviewed
C03-007 Tobacco use history - prior treatment experience source-matched reviewed
C03-008 Transtheoretical Model - stage order source-matched reviewed
C03-009 Transtheoretical Model - added Relapse stage source-matched reviewed
C03-010 Stage of change vignette - Preparation source-matched reviewed
C03-011 Motivational readiness - ladder scale range source-matched reviewed
C03-013 Fagerstrom Test - standard version population source-matched reviewed
C03-014 Fagerstrom Test - smokeless-specific version source-matched reviewed
C03-015 Fagerstrom Test - e-cigarette-specific version source-matched reviewed
C03-016 Heaviness of Smoking Index - components source-matched reviewed
C03-017 HONC - construct and population source-matched reviewed
C03-018 Penn State indexes: what they are for source-matched reviewed
C03-019 Choosing a dependence measure - adolescent vaping vignette source-matched reviewed
C03-020 Social support - exposure as relapse risk factor source-matched reviewed
C03-021 Additional assessment factors - access, insurance, culture source-matched reviewed
C03-022 Cultural factors vignette skill reviewed
C03-023 Drawing out what will help and what will get in the way skill reviewed
C03-024 Screening for co-occurring conditions at intake skill reviewed
C03-025 Focused medical or mental health assessment - conditions to identify source-matched reviewed
C03-026 Red flags requiring assess, screen, refer source-matched reviewed
C03-027 Red flag vignette - emotional instability during intake source-matched reviewed
C03-028 Consulting and referring before treatment planning skill reviewed
C03-029 Biochemical testing - matching the test to the product source-matched reviewed
C03-030 Cotinine half-life reasoning source-matched reviewed
C03-031 Biochemical/physiologic testing - purpose of spirometry source-matched reviewed
C03-032 CO reading confounders source-matched reviewed
C03-033 CO cut-off value associated with abstinence source-matched reviewed
C03-034 Non-tobacco nicotine products in the use history source-matched reviewed
C03-035 Quantity of each product as a distinct history element source-matched reviewed
C03-036 Treatment preferences as an intake-interview element skill reviewed
C03-037 Social support's dual role -- facilitator or barrier source-matched reviewed

Competency 4 · Treatment Planning

13% of the exam · 40 questions · 32 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 40
IDTopicClaimReview
C04-002 Individualized treatment planning source-matched reviewed
C04-003 Evidence-based treatment components source-matched reviewed
C04-004 Behavioral counseling when medication is contraindicated source-matched reviewed
C04-005 Treatment-seeking behavior source-matched reviewed
C04-007 Treatment delivery settings source-matched reviewed
C04-008 Alternative and emerging treatment modalities source-matched reviewed
C04-009 Treatment intensity and outcomes source-matched reviewed
C04-010 Treatment intensity and outcomes source-matched reviewed
C04-011 Relapse-risk anticipation source-matched reviewed
C04-012 5 A's framework source-matched reviewed
C04-013 5 A's framework — practice gap source-matched reviewed
C04-014 5 A's framework — follow-up gap source-matched reviewed
C04-015 5 R's framework source-matched reviewed
C04-016 5 R's framework — indication for use source-matched reviewed
C04-017 5 R's framework — component identification source-matched reviewed
C04-018 Trigger and cue management source-matched reviewed
C04-019 Adjusting the plan over time source-matched reviewed
C04-020 Collaborative plan adjustment source-matched reviewed
C04-021 Social support and abstinence source-matched reviewed
C04-022 Environmental barriers source-matched reviewed
C04-023 Post-quit ongoing counseling source-matched reviewed
C04-024 Post-quit ongoing counseling source-matched reviewed
C04-025 Reduce-to-quit approaches source-matched reviewed
C04-026 Product switching and dual use source-matched reviewed
C04-027 Co-occurring mental illness/substance use source-matched reviewed
C04-028 Coordinating with other providers source-matched reviewed
C04-029 Measurable treatment objectives skill reviewed
C04-030 Measurable treatment objectives skill reviewed
C04-032 Individualizing the plan to assessment factors skill reviewed
C04-034 Assessment findings shaping the plan skill reviewed
C04-035 Collaborative, evidence-based plan development skill reviewed
C04-036 Collaborative, evidence-based plan development skill reviewed
C04-038 Follow-up planning skill reviewed
C04-040 Referrals to other providers skill reviewed
C04-041 Emerging evidence for e-cigarettes in cessation source-matched reviewed
C04-042 Group counseling among treatment settings with good evidence source-matched reviewed
C04-043 Co-occurring conditions -- assumption that clients don't want to quit source-matched reviewed
C04-044 Tobacco abstinence benefiting co-occurring conditions source-matched reviewed
C04-045 5 A's -- recognizing the Assess step source-matched reviewed
C04-046 5 R's -- recognizing the Relevance component source-matched reviewed

Competency 5 · Pharmacotherapy

15% of the exam · 53 questions · 49 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 53
IDTopicClaimReview
C05-001 The three drug classes approved for quitting source-matched reviewed
C05-002 Psychotropic class trade names source-matched reviewed
C05-003 First-line medication definition source-matched reviewed
C05-004 OTC forms of NRT source-matched reviewed
C05-005 Prescription-only forms of NRT source-matched reviewed
C05-006 Nicotine delivery trajectory vs cigarettes source-matched reviewed
C05-007 Nicotine nasal spray delivery trajectory source-matched reviewed
C05-008 Nicotine patch wear time source-matched reviewed
C05-009 Second-line cessation agents identified source-matched reviewed
C05-010 Clonidine drug class source-matched reviewed
C05-011 Nortriptyline drug class source-matched reviewed
C05-012 FDA approval status of second-line agents source-matched reviewed
C05-013 Cytisine regulatory status source-matched reviewed
C05-014 Cytisine mechanism of action source-matched reviewed
C05-015 Basis for NRT starting dose source-matched reviewed
C05-016 Gum/lozenge starting dose, high exposure source-matched reviewed
C05-017 Gum/lozenge starting dose, lower exposure source-matched reviewed
C05-018 Acidic beverage timing with oral NRT source-matched reviewed
C05-019 Individualized NRT dosing source-matched reviewed
C05-020 NRT effect on quit probability source-matched reviewed
C05-021 Combination NRT for breakthrough cravings source-matched reviewed
C05-022 Overall safety of cessation medications vs tobacco source-matched reviewed
C05-023 Nicotine patch side effects source-matched reviewed
C05-024 Nicotine gum and lozenge side effects source-matched reviewed
C05-025 Nicotine gum caution in jaw disorders source-matched reviewed
C05-026 Nicotine nasal spray side effects source-matched reviewed
C05-027 Nicotine inhaler side effects and lung disease caution source-matched reviewed
C05-028 Smoking while wearing the nicotine patch source-matched reviewed
C05-029 Bupropion mechanism of action source-matched reviewed
C05-030 Bupropion contraindication in seizure history source-matched reviewed
C05-031 Bupropion caution in hepatic impairment vs varenicline's renal caution source-matched reviewed
C05-032 Bupropion side effects source-matched reviewed
C05-033 Bupropion drug interaction potential source-matched reviewed
C05-034 Varenicline mechanism of action source-matched reviewed
C05-035 Varenicline dose titration rationale source-matched reviewed
C05-036 Varenicline side effects source-matched reviewed
C05-037 Varenicline renal clearance and dose adjustment source-matched reviewed
C05-038 Start timing of varenicline and bupropion source-matched reviewed
C05-039 Neuropsychiatric warning history for varenicline and bupropion source-matched reviewed
C05-040 Monitoring for behavioral changes on varenicline/bupropion source-matched reviewed
C05-041 Serious symptoms requiring medication discontinuation and referral source-matched reviewed
C05-042 Duration of nicotine withdrawal symptoms source-matched reviewed
C05-043 Onset and peak timing of nicotine withdrawal symptoms source-matched reviewed
C05-044 Extending course of treatment for long-term abstinence source-matched reviewed
C05-045 Tobacco smoke and drug metabolism after quitting source-matched reviewed
C05-046 Pregnancy and lactation considerations for cessation medications source-matched reviewed
C05-047 Communicating withdrawal symptom expectations skill reviewed
C05-048 Collaborating with other healthcare providers skill reviewed
C05-049 Using recognized evidence reviews for alternative therapies skill reviewed
C05-050 Explaining why the two together work best skill reviewed
C05-051 Choosing a first-line agent with a seizure history and normal renal function source-matched reviewed
C05-052 Matching second-line agent class to a client's comorbidity source-matched reviewed
C05-053 Combination therapy choice with a seizure contraindication and heavy dependence source-matched reviewed

Competency 6 · Relapse Prevention

8% of the exam · 24 questions · 21 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 24
IDTopicClaimReview
C06-001 Lapse vs. relapse definition source-matched reviewed
C06-003 Lapse-to-relapse progression risk source-matched reviewed
C06-005 Why quitting is rarely a single attempt source-matched reviewed
C06-006 Non-judgmental approach to interim use source-matched reviewed
C06-007 Risk factor: nicotine dependence severity source-matched reviewed
C06-008 Risk factor: psychiatric co-morbidity source-matched reviewed
C06-009 Risk factor: substance use source-matched reviewed
C06-010 Risk factor: exposure to other tobacco users source-matched reviewed
C06-011 Risk factor: easy access to tobacco source-matched reviewed
C06-012 Risk factor: high stress source-matched reviewed
C06-013 Risk factor: post-cessation weight gain source-matched reviewed
C06-014 Predictors versus consequences of relapse source-matched reviewed
C06-017 Trigger identification and self-efficacy source-matched reviewed
C06-019 Relapse timing window source-matched reviewed
C06-020 Treatment plan intensification source-matched reviewed
C06-021 Treatment plan intensification source-matched reviewed
C06-022 Follow-up and early recognition source-matched reviewed
C06-023 Collaborative coping-strategy development source-matched reviewed
C06-025 Aftercare planning skill reviewed
C06-026 Ongoing support resources source-matched reviewed
C06-027 Referral for additional resources skill reviewed
C06-028 Reviewing prior quit attempts source-matched reviewed
C06-029 Framing quitting as a process, not pass/fail source-matched reviewed
C06-030 Treatment strategy after a lapse or relapse skill reviewed

Competency 7 · Diversity and Specific Health Issues

7% of the exam · 30 questions · 24 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 30
IDTopicClaimReview
C07-001 Culture and tobacco use patterns source-matched reviewed
C07-002 Tobacco industry marketing as a treatment barrier source-matched reviewed
C07-003 Pregnancy as a treatment opportunity source-matched reviewed
C07-004 Coordinating pharmacotherapy with perinatal providers source-matched reviewed
C07-005 Infant benefit of prenatal cessation: low birth weight source-matched reviewed
C07-006 Infant benefit of prenatal cessation: SIDS source-matched reviewed
C07-007 Infant benefit of prenatal cessation: cleft deformities source-matched reviewed
C07-008 Longer-term benefit of prenatal cessation: ADHD source-matched reviewed
C07-009 Prevalence of smoking among people with mental illness source-matched reviewed
C07-010 Desire to quit among people with mental illness source-matched reviewed
C07-011 Collaboration with mental health providers source-matched reviewed
C07-012 Treatment intensity for mental illness and other addictions source-matched reviewed
C07-013 Misperception that quitting harms substance use recovery source-matched reviewed
C07-014 Building concurrent cessation into co-occurring program design source-matched reviewed
C07-015 Continued smoking after a cancer diagnosis source-matched reviewed
C07-016 Lung cancer screening as a cessation opportunity source-matched reviewed
C07-017 Informing clients about provider collaboration source-matched reviewed
C07-018 Recognizing red flags and emergent referral source-matched reviewed
C07-019 Non-combustible products are not harmless source-matched reviewed
C07-020 Evidence-based treatment effectiveness across product types source-matched reviewed
C07-021 Secondhand and thirdhand smoke exposure risk source-matched reviewed
C07-022 Cessation reduces exposure risk for others source-matched reviewed
C07-023 Vaping aerosol exposure risk to bystanders source-matched reviewed
C07-024 Smoke-free policy as a treatment lever source-matched reviewed
C07-025 Population-specific treatment indications skill reviewed
C07-026 Treatment recommendations and referrals for co-morbid conditions skill reviewed
C07-027 Recommendations for non-cigarette tobacco and nicotine forms skill reviewed
C07-028 Advising a household exposed to secondhand smoke skill reviewed
C07-029 Hospitalized patients as a treatment opportunity skill reviewed
C07-030 Distinct indications for young adults versus elderly clients skill reviewed

Competency 8 · Documentation and Evaluation

5% of the exam · 20 questions · 17 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 20
IDTopicClaimReview
C08-001 Purpose of quantifiable documentation source-matched reviewed
C08-002 7-day point prevalence abstinence definition source-matched reviewed
C08-003 24-hour vs 7-day point prevalence discrimination source-matched reviewed
C08-004 Date-last-used as basis for longer-term abstinence source-matched reviewed
C08-005 Long-term outcome intervals source-matched reviewed
C08-006 Difficulty of collecting long-term outcome data source-matched reviewed
C08-007 Denominator and numerator for quit-rate calculation source-matched reviewed
C08-008 Intent-to-treat analysis definition source-matched reviewed
C08-009 Applied intent-to-treat calculation source-matched reviewed
C08-010 Applied program-completer calculation source-matched reviewed
C08-011 Why intent-to-treat and completer rates diverge source-matched reviewed
C08-012 Multi-step calculation with denominator selection source-matched reviewed
C08-013 Treatment of missing follow-ups under intent-to-treat source-matched reviewed
C08-014 Point prevalence vs continuous abstinence discrimination source-matched reviewed
C08-015 Purpose of systematic program evaluation source-matched reviewed
C08-016 EHR-driven automatic referral source-matched reviewed
C08-017 Using the record to find and follow tobacco users source-matched reviewed
C08-018 Accurate records and setting-appropriate coding skill reviewed
C08-019 Keeping track of who came back skill reviewed
C08-020 Standardized outcome measurement: individual vs program level skill reviewed

Competency 9 · Professional Resources

4% of the exam · 18 questions · 13 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 18
IDTopicClaimReview
C09-001 Quitline as a stand-alone cessation approach source-matched reviewed
C09-002 Quitline tailored programming for pregnant clients source-matched reviewed
C09-003 Named high-risk groups for tailored quitline programs source-matched reviewed
C09-004 Referral pathway for a co-occurring psychiatric concern skill reviewed
C09-005 Minimum breadth of a TTS's community referral list skill reviewed
C09-006 Maintaining abstinence after active treatment ends skill reviewed
C09-007 Smokefree.gov as a named community resource source-matched reviewed
C09-008 Surgeon General Reports as a reliable evidence source source-matched reviewed
C09-009 USPSTF and professional-association guidelines as reliable evidence source-matched reviewed
C09-010 AHRQ as a reliable evidence source source-matched reviewed
C09-011 PubMed vs. an anecdotal colleague report source-matched reviewed
C09-012 Tobacco-industry-funded material and misinformation risk source-matched reviewed
C09-013 Using professional societies and newsletters for ongoing knowledge skill reviewed
C09-014 Resolving conflicting studies by funding source and review status source-matched reviewed
C09-015 Correct ICD-10/CPT coding for billing tobacco treatment source-matched reviewed
C09-016 Documenting counseling time for both billing and evaluation source-matched reviewed
C09-017 What reimbursement documentation requires skill reviewed
C09-018 Audit finding tied to missing time documentation source-matched reviewed

Competency 10 · Ethics

4% of the exam · 18 questions · 18 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 18
IDTopicClaimReview
C10-001 Fair and equitable treatment across identities source-matched reviewed
C10-002 Cultural respect versus a specialist's personal disapproval source-matched reviewed
C10-003 Consent and confidentiality as the floor, not the ceiling source-matched reviewed
C10-004 Confidentiality when a family member requests information source-matched reviewed
C10-005 Providing complete information for the client's own decision source-matched reviewed
C10-006 Full disclosure without directive pressure toward one option source-matched reviewed
C10-007 Accurately representing one's own training and credentials source-matched reviewed
C10-008 Referring a case that exceeds current training source-matched reviewed
C10-009 Truthful claims about treatment effectiveness source-matched reviewed
C10-010 Employer pressure to overstate program benefits source-matched reviewed
C10-011 Recognizing an activity that is a conflict of interest source-matched reviewed
C10-012 A pharmaceutical representative's incentive to favor one product source-matched reviewed
C10-013 Ongoing obligation to maintain competence through training source-matched reviewed
C10-014 Choosing between familiar methods and updated training source-matched reviewed
C10-015 Tobacco-free status requirement, including e-cigarettes source-matched reviewed
C10-016 Required sequence after a provider resumes tobacco use source-matched reviewed
C10-017 HIPAA's privacy rule and which entities it covers source-matched reviewed
C10-018 Distinguishing protected health information from de-identified data in a group setting source-matched reviewed

Competency 11 · Professional Development

3% of the exam · 10 questions · 5 carry a source-matched claim

Show all 10
IDTopicClaimReview
C11-001 Certification vs. certificate distinction source-matched reviewed
C11-003 Purpose of accrediting TTS training programs source-matched reviewed
C11-005 Timeframe for applying ATTUD Core Competencies source-matched reviewed
C11-008 Experienced specialist resisting further training source-matched reviewed
C11-009 Recognized formal dissemination channels source-matched reviewed
C11-011 Dual obligation when license and certification both apply skill reviewed
C11-012 Formal literature review vs. informal updates skill reviewed
C11-013 Translating research findings into practice implications skill reviewed
C11-014 Proactive vs. reactive knowledge sharing skill reviewed
C11-015 Standards obligation for certification without a separate license skill reviewed

The wider bibliography

95 works cited by the source guide across all 11 competencies, de-duplicated and listed alphabetically.

  1. Agboola, S., McNeill, A., Coleman, T., & Leonardi Bee, J. (2010). A systematic review of the effectiveness of smoking relapse prevention interventions for abstinent smokers. Addiction, 105(8), 1362-1380.
  2. American Lung Association. Billing Guide for Tobacco Screening and Cessation. April 2021.
  3. Anthenelli, R. M., Benowitz, N. L., West, R., St Aubin, L., McRae, T., Lawrence, D., Evins, A. E. (2016). Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet, 387(10037), 2507-2520.
  4. Apollonio, D., Philipps, R., Bero, L. (2016). Interventions for tobacco use cessation in people in treatment for or recovery from substance use disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 11: CD010274.
  5. Association for the Treatment of Tobacco Use and Dependence & NAADAC, the Association for Addiction Professionals (date unknown). Tobacco Treatment Provider Code of Ethics [White paper].
  6. Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., Stein, J. H., & et al. (2016). Effects of nicotine patch vs varenicline vs combination nicotine replacement therapy on smoking cessation at 26 weeks: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 315(4), 371-379.
  7. Benowitz, N. L. (2009). Pharmacology of nicotine: addiction, smoking-induced disease, and therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol, 49, 57-71.
  8. Boudreaux, E.D., Sullivan, A., Abar, B., Bernstein, S.L., Ginde, A.A., & Camargo, C.A. (2012) Motivation rulers for smoking cessation: a prospective observational examination of construct and predictive validity. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 7(1), 8.
  9. Boyle, R., Solberg, L., Fiore, M. (2014). Use of electronic health records to support smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12: CD008743.
  10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021). Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Questionnaire. Atlanta, Georgia: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, Atlanta, GA.
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Identifying and Treating Patients Who Use Tobacco: Action Steps for Clinicians. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services; 2016.
  13. Claire, R., Chamberlain, C., Davey, M., Cooper, S.E., Berlin, I., Leonardi-Bee, J., Coleman, T. (2020). Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3.
  14. Cropsey, K.L., Trent, L.R., Clark, C.B., Stevens, E.N., Lahti, A.C., & Hendricks. P.S. (2014). How low should you go? Determining the optimal cutoff for exhaled carbon monoxide to confirm smoking abstinence when using cotinine as reference. Nicotine Tob Res, 16(10), 1348-1355.
  15. Deyton, L., Sharfstein, J., & Hamburg, M. (2010). Tobacco Product Regulation — A Public Health Approach. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(19), 1753-1756.
  16. Drope, J., Liber, A.C., Cahn, Z., Stoklosa, M., Kennedy, R., Douglas, C.E., Henson, R., and Drope, J. (2018). Who's still smoking? Disparities in adult cigarette smoking prevalence in the United States. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 68: 106-115.
  17. Ebbert, J.O., Elrashidi, M.Y., Stead, L.F. (2015). Interventions for smokeless tobacco use cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10: CD004306.
  18. Eriksen M, Mackay J, Schluger N, Islami F, Drope J (2015). The Tobacco Atlas: Fifth Edition. American Cancer Society.
  19. Ferguson, S. G., Gitchell, J. G., & Shiffman, S. (2012). Continuing to wear nicotine patches after smoking lapses promotes recovery of abstinence. Addiction, 107(7), 1349-1353.
  20. Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et. al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008. Update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
  21. Fiore, M. C., Jaen, C. R., Baker, T. B., & et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.
  22. Fiore, M. C., Jaen, C. R., Baker, T. B., & et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  23. Fiore, M.C. Jaen, C.R., Baker, T.B., et al. (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  24. Fiore, M.C., Jean, C.R., Baker, T.B., et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
  25. Foulds, J., Veldheer, S., Yingst, J., Hrabovsky, S., Wilson, S.J., et al. (2015). Development of a questionnaire for assessing dependence on electronic cigarettes among a large sample of ex-smoking E-cigarette users. Nicotine Tob Res. Feb;17(2):186-92.
  26. Fowler, C. D., Gipson, C. D., Kleykamp, B. A., Rupprecht, L. E., Harrell, P. T., Rees, V. W., . . ., the Basic Science Network (BSN) of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT). (2017). Basic Science and Public Policy: Informed Regulation for Nicotine and Tobacco Products. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 20(7), 789-799.
  27. Fox, B.J. (2005). Framing tobacco control efforts within an ethical context. Tobacco Control 14: ii38-ii44.
  28. Frazer, K., Callinan, J.E., McHugh, J., van Baarsel, S., Clarke, A., Doherty, K., Kelleher, C. (2016). Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 2: CD005992.
  29. García-Rodríguez, O., Secades-Villa, R., Flórez-Salamanca, L., Okuda, M., Liu, S.-M., & Blanco, C. (2013). Probability and predictors of relapse to smoking: Results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 132(3), 479-485.
  30. Gourlay, S.G., Stead, L.F., Benowitz, N. (2004). Clonidine for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3: CD000058.
  31. Gupta, S. K. (2011). Intention-to-treat concept: A review. Perspectives in clinical research, 2(3), 109–112.
  32. Hartmann-Boyce, J, Theodoulou, A., Farley, A., Hajek, P., Lycett, D., Jones, L.L., Kudlek, L., Heath, L., Hajizadeh, A., Schenkels, M., Aveyard, P. (2021). Interventions for preventing weight gain after smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10: CD006219.
  33. Hartmann-Boyce, J., Chepkin, S.C., Ye, W., Bullen, C., Lancaster, T. (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5: CD000146.
  34. Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Ordóñez-Mena, J.M., Fanshawe, T.R., Lindson, N., Freeman, S.C., Sutton, A.J., Theodoulou, A., Aveyard, P. (2020). Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 12: CD013229.
  35. Hartmann-Boyce, J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Ordóñez-Mena, J.M., Fanshawe, T.R., Lindson, N., Freeman, S.C., Sutton, A.J., Theodoulou, A., Aveyard, P. (2020). Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12: CD013299.
  36. Hendershot, C.S., Witkiewitz, K., George, W.H., & Marlatt, G.A. (2011). Relapse prevention for addictive behaviors. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy, 6(1), 17.
  37. Hollands, G.J., Naughton, F., Farley, A., Lindson, N., Aveyard P. (2019). Interventions to increase adherence to medications for tobacco dependence. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 8: CD009164.
  38. Hughes, J. (2007). Tobacco Treatment Specialists: A New Profession. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 2(S1), 2-7.
  39. Hughes, J. R., & Callas, P. W. (2011). Is Delaying a Quit Attempt Associated With Less Success? Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 13(12), 1228–1232.
  40. Hughes, J. R., Carpenter, M. J., & Naud, S. (2010). Do point prevalence and prolonged abstinence measures produce similar results in smoking cessation studies? A systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res, 12(7), 756-762.
  41. Hughes, J. R., Keely, J., & Naud, S. (2004). Shape of the relapse curve and long-term abstinence among untreated smokers. Addiction, 99(1), 29-38.
  42. Hughes, J. R., Stead, L. F., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Cahill, K., & Lancaster, T. (2014). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1), CD000031.
  43. Hughes, J.R. (2008). An algorithm for choosing among smoking cessation treatments. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 34, 426-432.
  44. King BA; Pechacek TF, Mariolis P; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Office on Smoking and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.).
  45. Kozlowski, L., Porter, C., Orleans, C., Pope, M., & Heatherton, T. (1994). Predicting smoking cessation with self-reported measures of nicotine dependence: FTQ, FTND, and HSI. Drug Alcohol Depend, 34, 211 - 216.
  46. Lancaster, T., Stead, L.F. (2017). Individual behavioral counseling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Issue 3: CD001292.
  47. Lancaster, T., Stead, L.F. (2017). Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3: CD001292.
  48. Leone, F.T., Evers-Casey, S., Mulholland, M.A., & Sachs, D.P.L. (2016). Integrating Tobacco Use Treatment Into Practice: Billing and Documentation. Chest, 149(2), 568-575.
  49. Lin, S.C., Gathua, N., Thompson, C., Sripipatana, A., & Makaroff, L. (2022). Disparities in smoking prevalence and associations with mental health and substance use disorders in underserved communities across the United States. Cancer, 128(9), 1826–1831. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.34132.
  50. Lindson-Hawley, N., Banting, M., West, R., et al. (2016). Gradual Versus Abrupt Smoking Cessation: A Randomized, Controlled Noninferiority Trial. Ann Intern Med, 164, 585-592.
  51. Lindson-Hawley, N., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Fanshawe, T.R., Begh, R., Farley, A., Lancaster, T. (2016). Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10: CD005231.
  52. Lindson, N., Pritchard, G., Hong, B., Fanshawe, T.R., Pipe, A., Papadakis, S. (2021). Strategies to improve smoking cessation rates in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 9: CD011556.
  53. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, Theodoulou A, Hajizadeh A, Hartman L, Lindson N. (2023). Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 6: CD006103.
  54. Livingstone-Banks, J., Norris, E., Hartmann-Boyce, J., West, R., Jarvis, M., Chubb, E., Hajek, P. (2019). Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 10: CD003999.
  55. Marbin, J., Balk, S.J., Gribben, V., et al., (2021). Health Disparities in Tobacco Use and Exposure: A Structural Competency Approach. Pediatrics, 147(1).
  56. Marcano Belisario, J.S., Bruggeling, M.N., Gunn, L.H., Brusamento, S., Car, J. (2012). Interventions for recruiting smokers into cessation programmes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 12: CD009187.
  57. Matkin, W., Ordóñez-Mena, J., Hartmann-Boyce, J. (2019) Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5: CD002850.
  58. Matkin, W., Ordóñez-Mena, J., Hartmann-Boyce, J. (2019). Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5: CD002850.
  59. Mazzone, P.J., Silvestri, G.A., Souter, L.H., Caverly, T.J., Kanne, J.P., Katki, H.A., Wiener, R.S. & Detterbeck, F.C. (2021). Screening for Lung Cancer: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report. Chest, 160(5), e427–e494.
  60. McDermott, M. S., Beard, E., Brose, L. S., West, R., & McEwen, A. (2013). Factors associated with differences in quit rates between "specialist" and "community" stop- smoking practitioners in the English stop-smoking services. Nicotine Tob Res, 15(7), 1239-1247.
  61. Meernik, C., & Goldstein, A. O. (2015). A critical review of smoking, cessation, relapse and emerging research in pregnancy and post-partum. British medical bulletin, 114(1), 135–146.
  62. Miller, W.R. & Rollnick, S. (2013). Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change (3rd Ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  63. Moolchan, E.T., Fagan, P., Fernander, Velicer, W.F., Hayward, M.D., King, G., and Clayton, R.R. (2007). Addressing tobacco-related health disparities. Addiction, 102: 30- 42.
  64. Naar, S. & Safren, S.A. (2017). Motivational Interviewing and CBT. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  65. Piano, M.R., Benowitz, N.L., Fitzgerald, G.A., Corbridge, S., Heath, J., Hahn, E.,…Howard, G. (2010). Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 122(15), 1520-1544.
  66. Riaz, M., Lewis, S., Naughton, F., & Ussher, M. (2018). Predictors of smoking cessation during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction, 113(4), 610–622.
  67. Rigotti, N.A., Clair, C., Munafò, M.R., Stead, L.F. (2012). Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 5: CD001837.
  68. Sheffer, C. E., Al-Zalabani, A., Aubrey, A., Bader, R., Beltrez, C., Bennett, S., . . . Wendling, A. (2021). The Emerging Global Tobacco Treatment Workforce: Characteristics of Tobacco Treatment Specialists Trained in Council-Accredited Training Programs from 2017 to 2019. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(5).
  69. Sheffer, C., Payne, T., Ostroff, J., Jolicoeur, D., Steinberg, M., Czabafy, S., . . . Perry, B. (2016). Increasing the Quality and Availability of Evidence-based Treatment for Tobacco Dependence through Unified Certification of Tobacco Treatment Specialists. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 11(4), 229-235.
  70. Simmons, V. N., Piñeiro, B., Hooper, M. W., Gray, J. E., & Brandon, T. H. (2016). Tobacco- Related Health Disparities across the Cancer Care Continuum. Cancer Control, 23(4), 434- 441.
  71. Song, F., Maskrey, V., Blyth, A., Brown, T. J., Barton, G. R., Aveyard, P., . . . Brandon, T. H. (2016). Differences in Longer-Term Smoking Abstinence After Treatment by Specialist or Nonspecialist Advisors: Secondary Analysis of Data From a Relapse Prevention Trial. Nicotine Tob Res, 18(5), 1061-1066.
  72. Soulakova, J. N., Tang, C. Y., Leonardo, S. A., & Taliaferro, L. A. (2018). Motivational Benefits of Social Support and Behavioural Interventions for Smoking Cessation. Journal of smoking cessation, 13(4), 216–226.
  73. Stead, L.F., Carroll, A.J., Lancaster, T. (2017). Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3: CD001007.
  74. Stead, L.F., Koilpillai, P., Fanshawe, T.R., Lancaster, T. (2016). Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3: CD008286.
  75. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. Substance Abuse & Mental Health Data Archive. National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2019.
  76. Summary of the HIPAA Privacy Rule. (2013). Retrieved June 18, 2023 from https://www.hhs.gov/hipaa/for-professionals/privacy/laws-regulations/index.html
  77. Swanson, J.A., Lee, J.W., & Hopp, J.W. (1994). Caffeine and nicotine: A review of their joint use and possible interactive effects in tobacco withdrawal. Addictive Behaviors, 19(3), 229-256.
  78. Taylor, G. M. J., Itani, T., Thomas, K. H., Rai, D., Jones, T., Windmeijer, F., . . . Taylor, A. E. (2020). Prescribing Prevalence, Effectiveness, and Mental Health Safety of Smoking Cessation Medicines in Patients With Mental Disorders. Nicotine Tob Res, 22(1), 48-57.
  79. Taylor, G.M.J., Dalili, M.N., Semwal, M., Civljak, M., Sheikh, A., Car, J. (2017). Internet- based interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 9: CD007078.
  80. Taylor, G.M.J., Lindson, N., Farley, A., Leinberger-Jabari, A., Sawyer, K., te Water Naudé, R., Theodoulou, A., King, N., Burke, C., Aveyard, P. (2021). Smoking cessation for improving mental health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 3: CD013522.
  81. The National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), the federal agency responsible for use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems in the United States, 10th revision (ICD-10), Fiscal Year 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/icd/icd10cm.htm
  82. Thomas, J., Ebbert, J., Patten, C., Dale, L., Bronars, C., & Schroeder, D. (2006). Measuring nicotine dependence among smokeless tobacco users. Addictive Behaviors, 31(9), 1511- 1521.
  83. Twyman, L., Bonevski, B., Paul, C., & Bryant, J. (2014). Perceived barriers to smoking cessation in selected vulnerable groups: a systematic review of the qualitative and quantitative literature. BMJ Open, 4(12), e006414.
  84. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking— 50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
  85. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The Health Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
  86. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Smoking Cessation. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S.
  87. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Smoking Cessation. A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S.,
  88. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Krist, A. H., Davidson, K. W., Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Cabana, M., Caughey, A. B., Donahue, K., Doubeni, C. A., Epling, J. W., Jr, Kubik, M., Ogedegbe, G., Pbert, L., Silverstein, M., Simon, M. A., Tseng, C. W., & Wong, J. B. (2021). Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA, 325(3), 265–279.
  89. U.S. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. (2012). Preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults; a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health.
  90. Vinci, C. (2020). Cognitive Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Smoking Cessation: a Review of the Recent Literature. Current oncology reports, 22(6), 58.
  91. Wheeler, K. C., Fletcher, K. E., Wellman, R. J., & Difranza, J. R. (2004). Screening adolescents for nicotine dependence: the Hooked On Nicotine Checklist. J Adolesc Health, 35(3), 225- 230.
  92. White, A.R., Rampes, H., Liu, J.P., Stead, L.F., & Campbell, J. (2014). Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(1), CD000009.
  93. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2021: addressing new and emerging
  94. World Health Organization. (2017). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2017: monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  95. Wu, A.D., Lindson, N., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Wahedi, A., Hajizadeh, A., Theodoulou, A., Thomas, E.T., Lee, C., Aveyard, P. (2022). Smoking cessation for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 8: CD014936.